About: Atmospheric CO2 concentration effects on rice water use and biomass production

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An Entity of Type : http://purl.org/spar/fabio/ResearchPaper, within Data Space : data-issa.cirad.fr, data-issa.cirad.fr associated with source document(s)

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rdf:type	prov:Entity bibo:AcademicArticle schema:ScholarlyArticle http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle http://purl.org/spar/fabio/ResearchPaper
rdfs:isDefinedBy	ISSA Agritrop dataset
dcterms:identifier	583779
dcterms:issued	2017-01-01 (xsd:gYear)
dcterms:title	Atmospheric CO2 concentration effects on rice water use and biomass production
schema:url	http://agritrop.cirad.fr/583779/
prov:generatedAtTime	2024-12-19 12:33:09Z (xsd:dateTime)
has abstract	Numerous studies have addressed effects of rising atmospheric CO2 concentration on rice biomass production and yield but effects on crop water use are less well understood. Irrigated rice evapotranspiration (ET) is composed of floodwater evaporation and canopy transpiration. Crop coefficient Kc (ET over potential ET, or ETo) is crop specific according to FAO, but may decrease as CO2 concentration rises. A sunlit growth chamber experiment was conducted in the Philippines, exposing 1.44-m2 canopies of IR72 rice to four constant CO2 levels (195, 390, 780 and 1560 ppmv). Crop geometry and management emulated field conditions. In two wet (WS) and two dry (DS) seasons, final aboveground dry weight (agdw) was measured. At 390 ppmv [CO2] (current ambient level), agdw averaged 1744 g m-2, similar to field although solar radiation was only 61% of ambient. Reduction to 195 ppmv [CO2] reduced agdw to 56±5% (SE), increase to 780 ppmv increased agdw to 128±8%, and 1560 ppmv increased agdw to 142±5%. In 2013WS, crop ET was measured by weighing the water extracted daily from the chambers by the air conditioners controlling air humidity. Chamber ETo was calculated according to FAO and empirically corrected via observed pan evaporation in chamber vs. field. For 390 ppmv [CO2], Kc was about 1 during crop establishment but increased to about 3 at flowering. 195 ppmv CO2 reduced Kc, 780 ppmv increased it, but at 1560 ppmv it declined. Whole-season crop water use was 564 mm (195 ppmv), 719 mm (390 ppmv), 928 mm (780 ppmv) and 803 mm (1560 ppmv). With increasing [CO2], crop water use efficiency (WUE) gradually increased from 1.59 g kg-1 (195 ppmv) to 2.88 g kg-1 (1560 ppmv). Transpiration efficiency (TE) measured on flag leaves responded more strongly to [CO2] than WUE. Responses of some morphological traits are also reported. In conclusion, increased CO2 promotes biomass more than water use of irrigated rice, causing increased WUE, but it does not help saving water. Comparability with field conditions is discussed. The results will be used to train crop models.
has body	The current and anticipated impact of climate change and the associated increase of atmospheric CO 2 concentration on rice production are of great economic and social importance. This is particularly true for the tropics where rice is the dominant staple crop, and for the intensified irrigated (flooded) rice ecosystems which contribute 75% to global rice productionThe atmospheric concentration of CO 2 will double by the end of this centuryIrrigated rice systems mainly consume water through evapotranspiration (ET) whereas percolation losses are usually small in puddled fieldsEvapotranspiration is extremely variable because it is driven by the evaporative demand of the atmosphere. A commonly used estimate of this demand is potential ET, or ET o , as formulated byThe present study attempted to evaluate the effect of sub-and supra-ambient [CO 2 ] on the dry mater production, water use and WUE of rice canopies in sunlit but closed chambers. The concepts of ET o and Kc, which were originally designed for field crops and weather data obtained from weather stations not located within the field, were adapted for the purpose. Specifically, the study tested the hypothesis that the increased biomass production and TE of rice under super-ambient atmospheric [CO 2 ] would be accompanied by reduced water requirements not only at the leaf level but also at plant population level under field-like cultivation. This information is needed to parameterize the water use algorithms of crop models for the prediction of climate change impacts on tropical irrigated rice.The main study on water use and biomass production was conducted in naturally sunlit, CO 2 controlled, temperature and humidity adjusted growth chambers during wet season of 2013 (2013 WS) at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in Los Baños, Philippines. The same experiment was also conducted in the 2011 DS, 2011 WS and 2012 WS but only phenology and final crop aboveground dry weight (agdw) are reported here. The seasons DS and WS refer to calendar periods and had no effect on water resources or humidity in the chambers, but were associated with different solar radiation (TableDimensions of walk-in growth chambers were 2.01 m (W) x 2.41 m (L) x 1.96 m (H), with a 1.2 m (W) x 1.2 x (L) 0.56 m (H) metal basin placed at its bottom to receive soil and plants (S1 Picture). The chambers were covered with Mylar (polyethylene) transparent plastic sheeting on all sides and all environment control equipment was installed inside the chamber to one side of the basin, thus limiting shading to one side only. The chambers were located in a large greenhouse hangar having glass walls on all except one side, which was on the same side at that where the equipment was installed inside the chambers. At least 3.5 m free space was provided around each chamber in all directions to permit maximal lateral illumination. Daily average solar radiation levels were 61% of that outside the greenhouse. The greenhouse structure thereby intercepted 27% of ambient solar radiation, and the chamber structure 17% of the remaining solar radiation in the greenhouse. Air within chambers was mixed with two fan systems located above canopy tops to the side of the planted plot, aspiring air from blow and blowing it against the chamber ceiling on top of the planted area. This caused a turbulent circulation from bottom to top in the non-planted sector and from top to bottom through the plant canopy. A second air circuit was used to pass air through an activated charcoal filter to absorb air contaminants. Carbon dioxide was scrubbed/injected as controlled with an infrared gas analyzer. Temperature was set to 27˚C day and 25˚C night (cooling only) and relative humidity (RH) to about 75%. The system was not always able to maintain these values at midday, resulting in the mean Tmax and RHmin values presented in TableThe crop culture basins were filled with puddled topsoil from IRRI paddy rice fields to a depth of 0.5 m and were irrigated to maintain 3-5 cm standing water throughout the crop cycle, causing anaerobic conditions. IR72 pre-germinated seed was sown onto flat seedling nursery trays and grown for 14 d inside the chambers, then transplanted as single seedlings at 20 cm x 20 cm spacing. Sowing for 2013 WS was on 09 September.Weeds were managed by hand picking and insects were managed by spraying recommended pesticides as needed. The plants were fertilized with 135.7-121.8-345.1-10.15 kg ha -1 N, P, K and Zn respectively. P, K, and Zn fertilizers were applied as basal dose before transplanting and N fertilizer (as urea) was split (16% applied at 7-8 days after transplanting (DAT), 52% at 35-56 DAT, 25% at 63-84 DAT and 7% at 91-99 DAT.Measurements. Canopy growth: Leaf area measurements were done by two methods, at 81 DAS (about flowering) a non-destructive measurement around midday using Accupar LP-80 (Decagon Inc., Pullman, WA, USA) light interceptor system with the extinction coefficient set to 0.6; and at physiological maturity (PM) destructive measurement of physical leaf area using LiCor-3100 (LiCor, Nebraska, USA).Leaf gas exchange: a LI-6400XT portable photosynthesis system (LiCor, Nebraska, USA) was used between 29 October and 02 November 2013 (51 DAS to 55 DAS) while setting the instrument to the chamber's CO 2 concentration and uniform RH and T settings at saturating PAR (observed air temperature in cuvette: 27.3˚C at 195 ppmv, 27.7˚C at 390 ppmv, 27.7˚C at 780 ppmv, 28.0˚C at 1560 ppmv); block temperature at 30˚C; RH at 70%; photosynthetically active radiation at 1500 μmol photons m -2 s -1 ). Only transpiration efficiency (TE) is presented in this paper.Evapotranspiration (ET): The condensing water from the air conditioners was trapped and measured by tipping bucket rain gauges (Model; TR-525M, 25 mm collector, Metric. Texas Electronics, Inc. 5529 Redfield Street, Dallas, TX 75235, USA) on a subsample of days (TablePotential evapotranspiration (ET o ) was calculated from the climate variables in the chambers Penman-Monteith equation recommended by FAOWhere:ET o reference evapotranspiration [mm day -1 The term (R n -G) [MJ m -2 d -1 ] is not commonly available but was derived for short plant canopies according toDaily ET o values throughout the crop cycle were needed because ET was measured only on 27 days (TableAnalysis of variance (ANOVA, Type III sum of squares analysis) was conducted with XLSTAT (V2016, Addinsoft, Inc.) in conjunction with Excel V14.0 (Microsoft, Inc.). Regression analyses and curve fitting were conducted with SigmaPlot V13 (Systat Software, Inc.).Dry and wet seasons differed in solar radiation (TableBetween the two wet seasons and between the two dry seasons, absolute agdw and its response pattern to [CO 2 ] were similar, indicating that the results were highly reproducible. Dry season crops produced greater agdw than WS crops due to greater Rs. Mean agdw across all seasons was 1744 g m -2 for 390 ppmv (current ambient level), and it decreased by 4456% at 195 ppmv (0.5 x ambient), increased by 29% at 780 ppmv (2 x ambient) and increased by 42% at 1560 ppmv (4 x ambient) (TablePotential evapotranspiration (ET o ) was between 2 and 3 mm d -1 , which is close to the values reported in earlier studiesThe response of Kc to atmospheric CO 2 concentration is shown in FigEffects of [CO 2 ] and season on phenology were small affecting days to flowering and days to maturity by 5% or less (TableIn order to estimate total crop water use in the absence of ET measurements for some periods of the crop cycle (TableThe results indicated that sub-ambient CO 2 concentration reduced water use and superambient CO 2 concentration increased it, but with a declining trend at 1560 ppmv. This Since only four points were available for the response of WUE to CO 2 concentration (although based on 27 ET observations per treatment), and no error term could be calculated (because whole-cycle ET extrapolation gave a single value), the shape of the response remained uncertain. However, a linear trend with a positive slope is a plausible interpretation of the data. WUE was 1.6 g kg -1 at 195 ppmv [CO 2 ], 2.9 g kg -Final agdw was 1540 g m -2 (SE = 6; N = 2) in the WS and 1948 g m -2 (SE = 36; N = 2) in the DS at ambient [CO 2 ] levels (390 ppmv) (FigIn terms of agdw response to CO 2 , a typical asymptotic response was observed with diminishing slope as it approached saturation. The maximal agdw at saturating CO 2 concentration (1560 ppmv) was 2183 g m -2 (SE = 130) in the WS and 2768 g m -2 (SE = 180) in the DS, or +42% in both seasons as compared to the ambient treatment. This confirmed the highly limiting nature of the carbon resource for irrigated rice, and is in line with numerous previous studies on riceThe observed Kc value at 390 ppmv [CO 2 ] at crop flowering (3.0) was far higher than the standard value proposed by FAO for the field (1.2;According toThe likely cause of the high Kc observed in mid and late season resides in the fact that Kc under field conditions is referenced by weather observed at 2m height on terrain not located in the cropped area, whereas in the chambers the temperature and humidity were measured near canopy tops. A large boundary exists between field rice canopies and weather stations. The crop develops its distinct microclimate (oasis effect) that is different from the conditions measured at a weather station, whereas in the chambers the turbulent air mixing and short physical distances provided for no such boundary. The aerodynamic coupling of the canopy to the atmosphere contributes to the magnitude of ETThe application of the ET o and Kc concepts to chamber studies is obviously problematic if the objective is to derive water balance information for field extrapolation. In this study, however, the Kc concept was employed for the purpose of extrapolation of ET from the 27 observed days (TableWe observed an increase of Kc from 390 to 780 ppmv [CO 2 ] (Fig 1CThe stimulation of TE by increased atmospheric CO 2 concentration has two components, a decrease in transpiration (due to partial stomatal closure) and an increase in photosynthesis. Both are linked by a physiological tradeoff, whereby the partial stomatal closure usually has the smaller contribution to TE, e.g. 20% in the case of soybeanAccording to the measurements on irrigated rice byMost CO 2 enrichment studies reported the absence of significant effects of elevated [CO 2 ] on LAI in riceThe trends observed in this study support this assessment. The LAI was strongly reduced at sub-ambient [CO 2 ] but supra-ambient [CO 2 ] did not increase it. There were inverse effects of [CO 2 ] on tiller number vs. total leaf number appeared per main culm, indicating that within the historical and anticipated ranges (represented by 195, 390 and 780 ppmv treatments), [CO 2 ] stimulates tillering but reduces the number of leaves developed per tiller.This study had the objective to test the following hypothesis: Increasing atmospheric [CO 2 ] reduces water requirements of irrigated rice. Water requirements of a crop in the field are commonly expressed by Kc, an approach that normalizes crop ET by the atmospheric evaporative demand ET o . Although the Kc measured in the confined experimental system was different from that in the field due to different boundary conditions, it was still a valid approach to normalize ET across variable atmospheric conditions and thus permitted evaluating effects of crop development stage and [CO 2 ] treatments on water use. On this basis, we did confirm that increasing [CO 2 ] increased leaf level TE and crop-level cumulative WUE, but absolute water use and Kc tended to increase too, and clearly did not decrease as hypothesized. This result has implications for crop water balance modeling for future climate scenarios, but needs validation at the field scale for tropical indica rice because no such data have been reported to date.
has title	Atmospheric CO2 concentration effects on rice water use and biomass production
dc:creator	Michaël Dingkuhn W. Paul Quick Marilou H. Barrios Uttam Kumar Pompe C. Sta. Cruz Dingkuhn, Michaël Kumar, Uttam Barrios, Marilou Quick, William Paul Sta Cruz, Pompe C. Michaël Dingkuhn Marilou H. Barrios Pompe C. Sta. Cruz Uttam Kumar W. Paul Quick Marilou Barrios
bibo:doi	10.1371/journal.pone.0169706
dc:language	eng
dcterms:accessRights	info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dcterms:language	http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en
dcterms:rights	https://agritrop.cirad.fr/mention_legale.html
schema:downloadUrl	http://agritrop.cirad.fr/583779/1/journal.pone.0169706.pdf
schema:publication	PloS One
dcterms:creator	Michaël Dingkuhn W. Paul Quick Marilou H. Barrios Uttam Kumar Pompe C. Sta. Cruz
bibo:authorList	nodeID://b2126217 nodeID://b2919400 nodeID://b3227516 nodeID://b4200068
is schema:about of	named entity 'rice' named entity 'biomass' named entity 'morphological traits' named entity 'evaporation' named entity 'atmospheric CO2' named entity 'ppmv' named entity 'WUE' named entity 'ppmv' named entity 'WUE' named entity 'ppmv' named entity 'ppmv' named entity 'Carbon dioxide' named entity 'photosynthesis' named entity 'carbon' named entity 'boundary conditions' named entity 'FAO' named entity 'ANOVA' named entity 'tropics' named entity 'humidity' named entity 'crop cycle' named entity 'Systat' named entity 'air conditioners' named entity 'impact of climate change' named entity 'weather stations' named entity 'ppmv' named entity 'evapotranspiration' named entity 'rice' named entity 'rice' named entity 'transparent plastic' named entity 'stomatal closure' named entity 'solar radiation' named entity 'Philippines' named entity 'polyethylene' named entity 'anaerobic conditions' named entity 'wet seasons' named entity 'Tmax' named entity 'Sowing' named entity 'rice' named entity 'relative humidity' named entity 'curve fitting' named entity 'solar radiation' named entity 'water balance' named entity 'seedling' named entity 'rain gauges' named entity 'atmospheric conditions' named entity 'Penman-Monteith' named entity 'stomatal closure' named entity 'activated charcoal' named entity 'basal' named entity 'ppmv' named entity 'Decagon' named entity 'air contaminants' named entity 'rice' named entity 'aerodynamic'

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